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The difference between 交 (jiāo) and 朋友 (péngyǒu) is that 交 is never used alone when it refers to a relationship or interaction; instead, it's used to form words such as:
- 交情 [n] friendship, friendly relation
- 绝交 [v] break off relations (as between friends or countries), break with
In comparison, 朋友 specifically means friend and it's used independently as a noun.
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"交" (jiāo) can be used to describe traffic, such as 交通 (jiāotōng) meaning "traffic". It can also be used to describe friendship, such as 交友 (jiāoyǒu) meaning "make friends". It can also be used to describe having intercourse, such as 交合 (jiāohé) meaning "copulate". It can also be used to describe contact with each other, such as 交流 (jiāoliú) meaning "exchange". It can also be used to describe something that happens simultaneously, such as 交替 (jiāotì) meaning "alternate".
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