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To differentiate between sh-, ch-, zh-, and x- in Mandarin Chinese, you can focus on the following aspects:
Tongue Position:
sh-: The tongue is flat and slightly curled back in the mouth.
ch-: The tongue is also flat but with the tip raised slightly more towards the roof of the mouth.
zh-: The tongue is curled back more than in sh, creating a more pronounced sound.
x-: The tongue is placed close to the roof of the mouth but is not curled back; it has a lighter, more airy quality.
Voicing:
sh- and zh- are voiced sounds, while ch- and x- are unvoiced.
Listen to native speakers and practice the sounds in isolation and in words to get a feel for the differences. For example, "电视" (diànshì) contains the sound "sh" (shī), which is pronounced with the flat tongue position. Keep practicing, and you'll get the hang of it!
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电视 (diànshì) is a noun and can be used in a sentence as the subject, object, or complement.
Subject: 电视 (diànshì) 很有趣。(hěn yǒuqù - It is interesting.)
Object: 我喜欢看电视 (diànshì - watch television).
Complement: 我最喜欢的活动是看电视 (diànshì - watch television).
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