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The most common way to use 然而 (rán ér) in a sentence is to express contrast or opposition between two ideas. It is usually placed at the beginning of a sentence, followed by a comma, and then the contrasting idea. For example: 然而，他们还是拒绝了我的要求 (rán ér, tāmen háishì jùjué le wǒ de yāoqiú) - However, they still refused my request.
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可是 (kě shì): This word can be used to express the same concept as "然而" and is pronounced "kě shì". It is used to express a contrast between two ideas or facts.
不过 (bú guò): This word can also be used to express the same concept as "然而" and is pronounced "bú guò". It is used to express a contrast between two ideas or facts.
但是 (dàn shì): This word can also be used to express the same concept as "然而" and is pronounced "dàn shì". It is used to express a contrast between two ideas or facts.
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In this sentence we can use both 然而 and 但是:
- 他已经尽力了，然而 (or 但是) 还是没能成功。He has tried everything he can, however he still did not succeed.
When 虽然 appears, we pair it with 但是, not 然而:
- 他虽然不聪明，但是学习非常努力。 Although he is not smart, he studies really hard.
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